Underutilized plants have the potential to be a tremendous source of bioactive compounds and are largely uncharted territory when it comes to the possibilities for application within modern nanomedicine. This book provides a thorough and current account on plant-based green nanoparticles produced from under-exploited plant resources and the ways in which they may be used in human health. The book presents the basics of nanotechnology that utilize plants as the basis for creating nanomaterials, including phytochemical profiling, the chemical synthesis pathways for both metals and alloys, and the Physical/Chemical Characteristics of the resulting nanoparticle materials. The beneficial potential of under-utilized plant derived nanoparticles in the treatment of many different types of diseases is also discussed in detail, including bacterial and fungal infections, Cancer, Diabetes, Obesity, and other constants and acute diseases. In-depth mechanistic describes are included to explain how these nanoparticles are able to provide anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties, through their cellular interactions. By unifying disparate research into one location, this book links basic science to applied research with good schematic figures and evidence-based discussion. It is intended for researchers, graduate students, academics and industry professionals working in the fields of Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Sciences, as a reference for Sustainable and Innovative Nanotherapeutics.