There have been remarkable strides made in the treatment of cancer as the understanding of the underlying biological processes of the disease has evolved. The traditional approaches to oncological medicine consisted of tumor removal surgeries, radiation therapy and hormone therapy, until the late 19th century. In the past years, other modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies have emerged. With continuing research in the biology of cancer, therapies continue to be developed with increased precision, efficacy, survivability and better quality of life. The ideal goal of cancer therapy is the complete eradication of the cancer without any adverse effects on the body. The other objectives include the suppression of the cancer to a subclinical state, provision of palliative care without curative intent and provision of a good quality of life. Clinical trials are an important aspect in the development of oncological medicine. These test new drugs, combinations of treatments, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy and gene therapy. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of oncological medicine. It unfolds the present and future of oncological medicine. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.