Written by an experienced British diplomat and scholar of Middle Eastern affairs, this book provides a detailed analysis of the political, social, and cultural factors that contributed to the reform movement in late 19th and early 20th century Persia. The author draws on a wide range of primary sources to offer a nuanced and insightful account of this pivotal moment in Iranian history. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.