This is the first book devoted to the Bene Ephraim - a group of former untouchables in Andhra Pradesh who have claimed Jewish identity for themselves. Why would a community adopt Jewish identity as a social liberation strategy? What does it mean to be Jewish in the twenty-first century? Egorova and Perwez address these questions by focusing on this group in India whose unique circumstances provide a new perspective on communities claiming the status of the Lost Tribes of Israel. The authors' research involved a year of ethnographic fieldwork conducted among the Bene Ephraim, ten years of communication with community leaders, analysis of oral and written narratives of the community, and in-depth interviews with the Bene Ephraim, their neighbors, and members of different Jewish communities and organizations in India, Israel, and the US who have come into contact with this group. Presenting the fascinating story of this Indian community and situating it in its wider political and social context, they show how the example of the Bene Ephraim can shed light on such topical issues as the caste system and social mobility in India, the conflict in the Middle East, the rhetoric of the "war on terror", public understandings of what it means to be Jewish, and debates surrounding the Law of Return in Israel. This is not only the first book devoted to the Bene Ephraim, but one of very few detailed ethnographies of emerging Jewish and Lost Tribes communities - a topic that is attracting attention among both academic and wider audiences