This biographical dictionary aims to bring to an English-speaking audience the considerable French scholarship on the American War of Independence over the past half century. The focus is on the 268 army and naval officers and volunteers who reached general or flag rank in their careers. Many of them went on to fight for France and its enemies during the French Revolution, Consulate and Empire. Several became important politicians and senior statesmen. A few foreigners served in America and went on to lead their countries' armed forces. "Americains" fought against Nelson and Wellington and were present at the battles of Austerlitz, Leipzig, Lodi, the Nile, Wagram and Waterloo and at the siege of Toulon. One was blown up by his valet! The book describes their backgrounds, pre-American careers, service in America and what happened to them after 1783. In addition, there are essays looking at career paths, social background, military education of the participants as well as expanded biographies of the most famous officers.