This book describes history, pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, diagnostic procedures, and treatment modalities and possibilities. The treatment possibilities are described in detail, starting with magistral vessels disease, going through to EC-IC bypass procedures, treatment of specific conditions like moya-moya, major randomized trials are the subject of dedicated chapter. Endovascular dealt with in a comprehensive way. This book intends to be the reference source for anybody dealing and/or being interested in the topic. The target audience are neuroscientists neurologists, neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons, radiologists, and anybody dealing with the patients affected by CVD. The readers of recently published books (see below) were always restricted group, the books are targeted on neurologists or neurosurgeons or radiologists. This proposed book is "catch all" reading. This book  finishes with chapters on future directions and translational research (stem cells transplantation), thus somewhat increasing the life span of the publication.