The axon is a fundamental component of neurons that serves as the primary conduit for transmitting electrical signals away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Structurally, it consists of a long, tubular extension covered by a myelin sheath—formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system—which facilitates rapid signal transmission through saltatory conduction. Functionally, axons transmit information in the form of action potentials, which are propagated along their length via changes in membrane potential. This electrical signaling is essential for communication between neurons and the coordination of bodily functions. Pathophysiologically, axonal damage or demyelination can impair signal conduction, leading to neurological deficits observed in conditions like multiple sclerosis or peripheral neuropathies. Understanding the structure, function, and pathophysiology of axons is crucial for elucidating neurological disorders and developing effective therapeutic strategies to restore nerve function and alleviate symptoms. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of axons. It provides comprehensive insights into the field of the nervous system. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.