Since the 1980s, Spain and South Korea have experienced a dramatic transformation from middle-income to advanced economies. While market liberalization and globalization were important forces for change, and while states continue to be central in the organization of the Spanish and SouthKorean economies, the liberal and the developmental state perspectives do not provide an understanding of critical elements of these transformations. Building on a combination of historical institutionalism and international business literature, this book shows that upgrading was underpinned by cooperative models based on interdependencies and quid pro quo exchanges between national governments and large firms. The negotiated nature of thesearrangements opened the door to institutional variation and enabled Spain and South Korea to pursue different strategies. Spain pursued an integrational approach based on foreign direct investment, technological outsourcing, and regional integration. South Korea pursued a techno-industrial strategythat prioritized self-sufficiency and the development of local technological capacity. Both strategies enabled Spanish and South Korean firms across multiple complex sectors to reach the efficiency frontier, but resulted in different productive specializations in complex services and manufacturingrespectively. Through a comparative study this book shifts our perspective on the political economy of economic transformation: from markets or states, to state-firm coordination, as a driver for economic transformation; from one, to at least two, different pathways to upgrading; and from a world divided intoemerging economies and world leaders, to a more nuanced perspective that recognizes the perspective of new advanced economies. | State-Firm Coordination and Upgrading by Angela Garcia Calvo, Hardcover | Indigo Chapters