The first comprehensive study of commentaries to the Chuang-tzu in the T’ang dynasty, this book explores the fascinating interaction between Taoism and Buddhism through a reading of the Chuang-tzu . Focusing on the commentary by the Taoist master Ch’eng Hsan-ying (fl. 631-652), Shiyi Yu argues that, in competition with Buddhism, traditional Chinese thinking took a sharp turn in the early T’ang away from the influence of Taoist-minded philosophers in the Wei-Chin period. Characterized by being concrete and unambiguous in approaching the issue of transcendence, Ch’eng Hsan-ying’s innovative reading of the Chuang-tzu led to a new emphasis on experience and knowledge. In both these respects, his reading has not only transformed the Chuang-tzu as constructed by previous readers, but also convincingly defended medieval Taoism as a set of practical beliefs that also were grounded in the metaphysics of the time.