This book discusses the role of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in precision and personalized medicine approaches toward cancer diagnosis, treatment, early detection, and efficient drug delivery. It also covers the applications of nanotechnology in tumor chemotherapy through increasing the specificity of anticancer agents, enhancing the killing effect of tumors, and reducing the toxic and side effects. It also discusses the significance of cancer stem cells in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and prospects for targeting cancer stem cells for cancer therapies by nanomaterial. Further, a chapter discusses the current status and future perspectives of actively targeted theranostics nanoparticles for tumors and associated challenges. The chapter also reviews the therapeutic role of different species of nanoparticles for enhanced radio sensitization in cancers. The subsequent chapters cover the recent advances in nanotechnology-based chemoprevention strategies for various cancers.Useful aspect of computational tools and methods in Cancer nanomedicine is discussed. This is an ideal book for students, oncologists, and researchers working in allied fields of nanotechnology, cancer, and targeted drug delivery.