This book delves into the dynamic intersection of optimization and discrete mathematics, offering a comprehensive exploration of their applications in data sciences. Through a collection of high-quality papers, readers will gain insights into cutting-edge research and methodologies that address complex problems across a wide array of topics. The chapters cover an impressive range of subjects, including advances in the study of polynomials, combinatorial identities, and global optimization algorithms. Readers will encounter innovative approaches to predictive models for non-performing loans, rainbow greedy matching algorithms, and the cost of detection in interaction testing. The book also examines critical issues such as demand aggregation, mid-term energy planning, and minimum-cost energy flow. Contributions from expert authors provide a deep dive into multilevel low-rank matrices, the protection of medical image authenticity, and the mathematical intricacies of the Braess paradox. This volume invites readers to explore diverse perspectives and theoretical insights that are both practical and forward-thinking. This publication is an invaluable resource for graduate students and advanced researchers in the fields of optimization and discrete mathematics. It is particularly beneficial for those interested in their applications within data sciences. Academics across these disciplines will find the book's content relevant to their work, while practitioners seeking to apply these concepts in industry will appreciate its practical case studies. Whether you are a scholar or a professional, this book offers a wealth of knowledge that bridges theory with real-world applications.