Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) refers to modern sequencing technologies that allow for the rapid sequencing of entire genomes or targeted genomic regions. Unlike traditional Sanger sequencing, NGS can process millions of DNA fragments simultaneously, offering high throughput, speed, and scalability. This advancement has drastically reduced the cost and time required for sequencing. Applications of NGS include whole-genome sequencing, exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, and epigenetic modifications. NGS has profound implications in personalized medicine, allowing for precise diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases such as cancer. It also accelerates research in evolutionary biology, agriculture, and environmental studies by providing detailed insights into genetic makeup and function. NGS has transformed various fields, thus paving the way for significant advancements in science and medicine. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world on Next Generation Sequencing. It strives to provide a fair idea about this technology and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of biotechnology and allied disciplines, this book targets both students as well as professionals.