Published in 2008 and winner of the 2011 Thomas E. Skidmore Prize, Paulo Fontes's Migration and the Making of Industrial So Paulo is a detailed social history of So Paulo's extraordinary urban and industrial expansion. Fontes focuses on those migrants who settled in the suburb of So Miguel Paulista, which grew from 7,000 residents in the 1940s to over 140,000 two decades later. Reconstructing these migrants' everyday lives within a broad social context, Fontes examines the economic conditions that prompted their migration, their creation of an integrated identity and community, and their efforts to gain worker rights. Fontes challenges the stereotypes of Northeasterners as culturally backward, uneducated, violent, and unreliable, instead seeing them as a resourceful population with considerable social and political resolve. Fontes's investigations into Northeastern life in So Miguel Paulista yield a fresh understanding of So Paulo's incredible and difficult growth while outlining how a marginalized population exercised its political agency.