The scope of marine scientific research has long been debated due to a lack of definition of the term in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The introduction of new forms and methods of ocean data collection adds another layer of legal uncertainty in this field. Marine Scientific Research and the Regulation of Modern Ocean Data Collection Activities Under UNCLOS thus strives to identify the possible limits of the existing legal framework, mainly the UNCLOS marine scientific research regime, and the ways in which the identified gaps can be bridged. In the analysis, Chuxiao Yu carries out two case studies: one on access to marine genetic resources and the other on operational oceanographic activities.