This book embarks on a thorough exploration of metal ion removal processes and cutting-edge technologies, with a particular focus on membranes, photocatalysts, and a diverse array of adsorbents. Going beyond the fundamentals, the authors illuminate the principles and practical intricacies underlying membrane-based separation processes, offering readers a comprehensive understanding of their applications and nuances. In addition to membrane separation techniques, the book examines alternative approaches utilizing adsorbents and photocatalysts, comparing their advantages and drawbacks against conventional membrane-based methods. Features Includes the latest technological advancements, such as the utilization of innovative materials like MXenes and graphene for heavy ion removal from water. Features a dedicated chapter addressing the critical aspects of extraction, recovery, and disposal of heavy metals. Examines the current landscape of heavy metal contamination in both developed and developing countries, providing valuable insights into the challenges at hand. Offers practical guidance on effective management strategies spanning the entire lifecycle of heavy metal pollutants, from extraction through to safe disposal. This text is aimed at various stakeholders, including researchers, students, practitioners, and policymakers, committed to tackling the pressing challenges posed by heavy metal contamination.