Common wealth dividends are universal cash payments funded by fees on the private use of common resources like land, minerals, and the atmosphere as a carbon sink. Thomas Paine&s 1797 pamphlet Agrarian Justice and Alaska&s Permanent Fund Dividend are staples in the literature on basic income, but there is much more to common wealth dividends beyond these highlights, and common wealth dividends have a distinctive ethical justification and distinctive policy implications that merit discussion. This monograph, a comprehensive study of common wealth dividends, is ideal for readers interested in basic income and researchers focused on environmental studies, including sustainable development, natural resource management, and climate policy.