The neurophysiology of cognitive processes and spatial orientation involves complex interactions within the brain. Cognitive processes, such as memory, attention, and decision-making, rely on the coordinated activity of various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Spatial orientation, on the other hand, involves the integration of sensory information from different modalities, such as vision and proprioception, to navigate and understand one's surroundings. This process is mediated by structures like the parietal cortex and the hippocampus. Furthermore, research suggests that neuronal networks, neurotransmitters, and synaptic plasticity play crucial roles in shaping these cognitive and spatial functions. Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these processes not only sheds light on fundamental brain functions but also holds implications for areas like neuroscience, psychology, and even artificial intelligence. This book presents the complex subject of neurophysiology and developmental aspects of cognitive processes and spatial orientation in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Such selected concepts that redefine this area have been presented in this book. It is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.