The branch of medicine that is involved in the surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax is known as cardiothoracic surgery. It is also known as thoracic surgery. Cardiac surgery involves the heart and great vessels wherein thoracic surgery include surgery of lungs, esophagus, thymus, etc. In most countries, cardiac surgery and thoracic surgery are two different surgical specialties but in some countries, they are considered to be one surgical specialty known as cardiothoracic surgery. It includes surgeries like open heart surgery, modern beating heart surgery, pediatric cardiovascular surgery, etc. Open heart surgery is a process in which the surgery is performed on the inner structure of an open heart. Modern beating heart surgery is a kind of surgery where the heart is beating during the surgical process. Pediatric cardiovascular surgery is concerned with the surgery of the heart of children. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. From theories to research to practical application, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.