For lawyer discipline to be truly effective, sanctions must be based on clearly developed standards. Inappropriate sanctions can undermine the goals of lawyer discipline: sanctions which are too lenient fail to adequately deter misconduct and thus lower public confidence in the profession; sanctions which are too onerous may impair confidence in the system and deter lawyers from reporting ethical violations on the part of other lawyers. Inconsistent sanctions, either within a jurisdiction or among jurisdictions, cast doubt on the efficiency and the basic fairness of all disciplinary systems. This edition presents an authoritative and practical analysis of the cases and other legal authorities essential to understanding the application of the black letter Standards and is a must buy for state supreme courts, lawyer disciplinary counsel, and disciplinary adjudicators.