The present edition examines the main provisions of modern philosophy of science in the form of short sketches. In particular, the author pays attention to the principle of theoretical representation, the nature of scientific theories, scientific methods, inter-theoretical relations, the structure of modern science, positivistic, critical-rationalistic, analytical, phenomenological, hermeneutic and post-structuralist projects of science. A critical assessment of the achievements and omissions of outstanding representatives of the philosophy of science is also given. The philosophy of science serves as a means of enriching the conceptual and methodological content of any branch of science. The book is intended for everyone who strives for a deep understanding of the main trends in the development of modern science and modern civilization in general.